The origin of the K-locus in wolves likely came from hybridization between dogs and wolves in northwest North America within the last 7,000 years as early humans brought domestic dogs across the Bering Land Bridge. The presence of black coats was due to a single gene (a beta defensin gene termed CBD103 or the K-locus), with all black coated individuals carrying a mutation linked to this coat color - a mutation believed to have originated in domestic dogs of the Old World. About half of wolves in Yellowstone are dark black in color, with the other half mostly gray coats. One fascinating discovery involves coat color. Since reintroduction, genetic studies have evaluated Yellowstone wolves’ genetic health, kinship within and between packs, connectivity with other Northern Rocky mountain populations, and even genes linked to physical and behavioral traits. Many other animals-from eagles to invertebrates-consume the remains. Bears will attempt to chase the wolves away, and are usually successful. Coyotes arrive soon after, waiting nearby until the wolves are sated. For example, when wolves kill an elk, ravens and magpies arrive almost immediately. Many other animals benefit from wolf kills. In Yellowstone, 90% of their winter prey is elk 10–15% of their summer prey is deer. They efficiently hunt large prey that other predators cannot usually kill. Wolves consume a wide variety of prey, large and small. Research in Yellowstone since reintroduction has highlighted the adaptive value of social living in wolves – from cooperative care of offspring, group hunting of large prey, defense of territory and prey carcasses, and even survival benefits to infirmed individuals. Packs defend their territory from other, invading packs by howling and scent-marking with urine. The pack is a complex social family, with older members (often the alpha male and alpha female) and subordinates, each having individual personality traits and roles within the pack. In Yellowstone, average pack size is 11.8 individuals. Worldwide, pack size will depend on the size and abundance of prey. Wolves are highly social animals and live in packs. We do not provide older versions for download and we will not be able to provide a replacement copy if your system crashes and your access to updates has expired.Wolves (back) are larger than coyotes (middle) and red foxes (front). If you decide not to renew your license code for access to updated versions of our software, we strongly suggest that you make a backup copy of your installed products prior to your download access expiration so that you will be able to restore them in the event of a system crash. If you need to change your registered e-mail address, please visit the Change My Registered E-mail page. If you cannot locate your license code, please visit the Resend My Licence Code page. Please enter your currently registered e-mail address and license code information below and click the "Renew License Code" button. If you renew within one month of your license code expiration date, you will qualify for a discounted renewal (currently, $15.00). Your renewal will give you access to new features that will be released throughout the year, including new visual effects and performance enhancements (currently, all renewals receive Platinum, even if your current license code is Gold). Renew your Gold or Platinum license code now and receive an additional full year of download access and updates.
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